Ovarian cancer begins when cells in one or both ovaries become abnormal and grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor. It often spreads to the abdomen and pelvis, causing fluid buildup in some cases. Sometimes, a tumor may be classified as a “borderline tumor,” which is not cancerous but can still spread.
Ovarian cancer symptoms are often subtle and can be confused with other conditions. As the cancer grows, symptoms may include:
The exact cause of ovarian cancer is unknown, but certain factors increase the risk:
Treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer:
1. Epithelial cancer (Stage 1): Surgery alone, followed by chemotherapy if the risk of recurrence is high.
2. Epithelial cancer (Stages 2-4): Surgery combined with chemotherapy. Targeted therapies may be offered for those with BRCA gene mutations.
3. Stromal cell cancer: Surgery, followed by chemotherapy or targeted therapy, is often used.
4. Germ cell cancer: Treated with surgery, chemotherapy, or both, depending on the situation.
5. Borderline tumors: Treated with surgery alone.
Chemotherapy is a key treatment that uses anti-cancer drugs to destroy cancer cells. It can be used:
Radiation therapy may be used to treat advanced ovarian cancer that has spread to the pelvis or other body areas. It can help shrink tumors and relieve symptoms.
Targeted drugs are used for advanced or recurrent ovarian cancer, especially for those with genetic mutations like BRCA. Drugs like Olaparib and Niraparib target specific cancer cell features to stop growth.
Palliative care focuses on improving quality of life by managing symptoms, rather than curing the disease. It’s available at any stage of advanced cancer and can be provided alongside active treatment.